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GUIDE TO GREAT BOOKS EDUCATION
Last updated: 12 April 2010
Great Books: Definition and Background
Great Books in my own Education and in Polyliteracy
The Standard Canon of Great Books
Principles for Expanding the Canon
The Expanded Comprehensive Canon for Western Civilization
The Twentieth Century Waiting List
The Canon for Central (Middle Eastern) Civilization
The Canon for Indic Civilization
The Canon for (Far) Eastern Civilization
Great Books: Definition and Background
Lest any may have come to this page unacquainted with the term "great books," it
is simply a contemporary equivalent for "the classics," i.e., a cover term for the best works of all time, especially as is applied to the notion of a complete, holistic, humanistic, liberal, well-rounded education, in which they are to be read and discussed in seminar format.
In most times and places, education has consisted precisely of developing an intimate relationship with the classic works of that civilization. However, in the 19th century, Western education began to grow away from this and towards narrow specialization and a concept of education as job training rather than general mental and character formation.
Reacting to this, by the early decades of the 20th century, such academics, thinkers, and educators as John Erskine, Mortimer Adler, Robert Hutchins, Charles Van Doren, and Stringfellow Barr began to formulate the notion of great books education in the liberal arts tradition of broad cross-disciplinary learning. In the mid-20th century, this concept of education spread successfully to form a core curriculum in many colleges, and
to justify the publication of a series of Great Books of the Western World,
originally by Encyclopedia Britannica. That series is now maintained by the still extant
and active Great Books Foundation, and great books education stills forms the heart of the core curriculum at Columbia College as well as the entire course of study at the St.
John's University that has twin campuses in Annapolis, Maryland and Santa Fe, New Mexico; moreover, a handful of other colleges maintain great books programs, generally as honors programs. Unfortunately, however, it must be confessed that the notion of great books education is a most noble lost cause, for education in general is more narrowly specialized than ever, and many universities that once had great books programs have either abandoned them outright or else diluted them beyond recognition by concessions to political correctness and area studies.
Great Books in my own Education and in Polyliteracy
I am thoroughly steeped in the great books tradition, having been "formed" at Columbia University and the University of Chicago, those same two universities at which the notion itself was initially conceived. Moreover, my last real assignment as a full-time
academic was to build and lead such a great books program in Lebanon. Thus, the great books play a central role in my discipline of Polyglottery. Indeed, not only a logical extension of Polyglottery but even a simple formulation of the entire concept of the purpose of learning as many languages as possible is the endeavor to read as many classic works as possible in their original tongues of composition. In fact, I believe that one reason Great Books education is a generally lost cause is that this logical connection has not been made before: if works are worth reading and rereading, then surely they are worth reading as they were written. It is generally considered to be very difficult if not actually impossible to learn many languages well. It is indeed demanding, but I always had the feeling that the education I myself received was never demanding enough. Thus, I propose Polyglottery as a course of education that will indeed be more demanding than the most demanding programs currently in existence, and with
the specific goal of encouraging the reading of great books, not in translation, but in the original.
The Standard Canon of Great Books
The great books of the Western world as they form the curricula at colleges around the United States, and as they are comprised in the encyclopedic publication of the same title, in effect form a canon of some 100 primary works or authors. As they are not quite the same at all institutions, I have combined the reading lists of a good
number of programs (Columbia, Malaspina, St. John's, the Great Books Foundation, etc.) to find a general canon of closer to 150 works, 154 to be exact. Given my overweening
interest in languages in a diachronic perspective, I thought to add not only a means to view the list chronologically (that has been done before), but also by original
language, which has not been done before. Here follows:
The Combined Standard Canon of Great Books of the Western World
|
Language
|
Century
|
Author & Work(s)
|
|
Danish
|
19
|
Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye (1813-1855): Either/Or, Fear and Trembling, Philosophical Fragments
|
|
English
|
14
|
Chaucer, Geoffrey (c.1340-1400): Troilus and Criseyde, The Canterbury Tales
|
|
English
|
16
|
Spenser, Edmund (c.1552-1599): Prothalamion, The Faerie Queene
|
|
English
|
17
|
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679): Leviathan
|
|
English
|
17
|
Locke, John (1632-1704): Letter Concerning Toleration, Of Civil Government, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Thoughts Concerning Education
|
|
English
|
17
|
Milton, John (1608-1674): Paradise Lost
|
|
English
|
17
|
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616): Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, Anthony and Cleopatra, The Tempest, As You Like It, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Sonnets
|
|
English
|
18
|
Berkeley, George (1685-1753): Principles of Human Knowledge
|
|
English
|
18
|
Boswell, James (1740-1795): Journal, Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
|
|
English
|
18
|
Congreve, William (1670-1729): The Way of the World
|
|
English
|
18
|
Defoe, Daniel (1660-1731): Robinson Crusoe
|
|
English
|
18
|
Fielding, Henry (1707-1754): Joseph Andrews, Tom Jones
|
|
English
|
18
|
Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794): The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Autobiography
|
|
English
|
18
|
Hume, David (1711-1776): Treatise on Human Nature, Essays Moral and Political, An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding
|
|
English
|
18
|
Johnson, Samuel (1709-1784): The Vanity of Human Wishes, Dictionary, Rasselas, The Lives of the Poets
|
|
English
|
18
|
Pope, Alexander (1688-1744): Essay on Criticism, Rape of the Lock, Essay on Man
|
|
English
|
18
|
Smith, Adam (1723-1790): The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Wealth of Nations
|
|
English
|
18
|
Sterne, Laurence (1713-1768): Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy
|
|
English
|
18
|
Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745): Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal
|
|
English
|
19
|
Austen, Jane (1775-1817): Pride and Prejudice
|
|
English
|
19
|
Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832): Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Theory of Fictions
|
|
English
|
19
|
Burke, Edmund (1729-1797): Reflections on the Revolution in France
|
|
English
|
19
|
Byron, George Gordon, Lord (1788-1824): Don Juan
|
|
English
|
19
|
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834): Poems, Biographia Literaria
|
|
English
|
19
|
Darwin, Charles (1809-1882): The Origin of Species, The Descent of Man, Autobiography
|
|
English
|
19
|
Dickens, Charles (1812-1870): Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bleak House, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations
|
|
English
|
19
|
Eliot, George (1819-1880): Adam Bede, Middlemarch
|
|
English
|
19
|
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882): Representative Men, Essays, Journal
|
|
English
|
19
|
Faraday, Michael (1791-1867): Chemical History of a Candle, Experimental Researches in Electricity
|
|
English
|
19
|
Hamilton, Jay, Madison: The Federalist Papers
|
|
English
|
19
|
Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864): The Scarlet Letter
|
|
English
|
19
|
Lyell, Charles (1797-1875): Principles of Geology
|
|
English
|
19
|
Melville, Herman (1819-1891): Moby Dick, Billy Budd
|
|
English
|
19
|
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873): A System of Logic, On Liberty, Representative Government, Utilitarianism, The Subjection of Women, Autobiography
|
|
English
|
19
|
Thoreau, Henry David (1817-1862): Civil Disobedience, Walden
|
|
English
|
19
|
Wordsworth, William (1770-1850): Poems
|
|
English
|
20
|
Adams, Henry (Brooks) (1838-1918): The Education of Henry Adams
|
|
English
|
20
|
Dewey, John (1859-1952): How We Think, Democracy and Education, Experience and Nature, Logic, the Theory of Inquiry, Habits and Will, The Virtues
|
|
English
|
20
|
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868-1963): The Souls of Black Folk
|
|
English
|
20
|
James, Henry (1843-1916): The American, The Ambassadors, The Beast in the Jungle
|
|
English
|
20
|
James, William (1842-1910): The Principles of Psychology, The Varieties of Religious Experience, Pragamatism, Essays in Radical Empiricism
|
|
English
|
20
|
Joyce, James (1882-1941): ``The Dead'' in Dubliners, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses
|
|
English
|
20
|
Millikan, Robert Andrews (1868-1953): The Electron
|
|
English
|
20
|
Russell, Bertrand (1872-1970): The Problems of Philosophy, The Analsysis of Mind, An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, Human Knowledge; Its Scope and Limits
|
|
English
|
20
|
Santayana, George (1863-1952): The Life of Reason, Skepticism and Animal Faith, Persons and Places
|
|
English
|
20
|
Shaw, George Bernard (1856-1950): Plays and Prefaces
|
|
English
|
20
|
Toynbee, Arnold (1889-1975): A Study of History, Civilization on Trial
|
|
English
|
20
|
Twain, Mark (1835-1910): The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Mysterious Stranger
|
|
English
|
20
|
Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947): An Introduction to Mathematics, Science and the Modern World, The Aims of Education and Other Essays, Adventures of Ideas
|
|
French
|
12
|
Anonymous: Song of Roland
|
|
French
|
16
|
Montaigne, Michel de (1533-1592): Essays
|
|
French
|
16
|
Rabelais, François (c.1495-1553): Gargantua and Pantagruel
|
|
French
|
17
|
Descartes, Rene (1596-1650): Rules for the Direction of the Mind, Discourse on the Method, Geometry, Meditations on First Philosophy
|
|
French
|
17
|
de La Fontaine, Jean (1621-1695): Fables
|
|
French
|
17
|
de La Rochefoucauld, François, Duc (1613-1690): Maximes
|
|
French
|
17
|
Moliere (1622-1673): The Misanthrope, The Miser, Tartuffe, The Imaginary Invalid
|
|
French
|
17
|
Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662): The Provincial Letters, Pensees, Scientific Treatises, Meditations
|
|
French
|
17
|
Racine, Jean Baptiste (1639-1699): Andromaque, Iphigenie, Phedre
|
|
French
|
18
|
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784): Rameau’s Nephew
|
|
French
|
18
|
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743-1794): Elements of Chemistry
|
|
French
|
18
|
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de (1689-1755): Persian Letters, Spirit of Laws
|
|
French
|
18
|
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778): On the Origin of Inequality, On the Political Economy, Emile, The Social Contract
|
|
French
|
18
|
Voltaire (1694-1778): Letters on the English, Candide, Philosophical Dictionary
|
|
French
|
19
|
Balzac, Honore de (1799-1850): Pere Goriot, Eugenie Grandet
|
|
French
|
19
|
Bernard, Claude (1813-1878): Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine
|
|
French
|
19
|
Comte, Auguste (1798-1857): The Positive Philosophy
|
|
French
|
19
|
Flaubert, Gustave (1821-1880): Madame Bovary, Three Stories, A Simple Heart
|
|
French
|
19
|
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768-1830): Analytical Theory of Heat
|
|
French
|
19
|
Stendhal (1783-1842): The Red and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma, On Love
|
|
French
|
19
|
Tocqueville, Alexis de (1805-1859): Democracy in America
|
|
French
|
20
|
Bergson, Henri (1859-1941): Time and Free Will, Matter and Memory, Creative Evolution, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion
|
|
French
|
20
|
Maritain, Jacques (1882-1973): Art and Scholasticism, The Degrees of Knowledge, The Rights of Man and Natural Law, True Humanism
|
|
French
|
20
|
Poincare, Jules Henri (1854-1912): Science and Hypothesis, Science and Method
|
|
French
|
20
|
Proust, Marcel (1871-1922): Remembrance of Things Past
|
|
French
|
20
|
Sartre, Jean Paul (1905-1980): Nausea, No Exit, Being and Nothingness
|
|
German
|
13
|
Anonymous: Nibelungenlied (or Volsunga Saga as Scandinavian version)
|
|
German
|
16
|
Luther, Martin (1483-1546): Table Talk, Three Treatises
|
|
German
|
18
|
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804): Critique of Pure Reason, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, Critique of Practical Reason, The Science of Right, Critique of Judgment, Perpetual Peace
|
|
German
|
19
|
Clausewitz, Karl von (1780-1831): On War
|
|
German
|
19
|
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832): Faust, Poetry and Truth
|
|
German
|
19
|
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831): Phenomenology of Spirit, Philosophy of Right, Lectures on the Philosophy of History
|
|
German
|
19
|
Marx, Karl (1818-1883): Capital, Communist Manifesto
|
|
German
|
19
|
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900): Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, Geneology of Morals, The Will to Power, Birth of Tragedy
|
|
German
|
19
|
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860): Parerga and Paralipomena, The World as Will and Representation
|
|
German
|
20
|
Dedekind, Richard (1831-1916): Essay on the Theory of Numbers
|
|
German
|
20
|
Einstein, Albert (1879-1955): The Meaning of Relativity, On the Method of Theoretical Physics, The Evolution of Physics (with L. Infeld)
|
|
German
|
20
|
Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939): The Interpretation of Dreams, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Civilization and Its Discontents, New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis,
|
|
German
|
20
|
Heidegger, Martin (1889-19760: What is Philosophy?
|
|
German
|
20
|
Heisenberg, Werner (1901-1976): The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory
|
|
German
|
20
|
Kafka, Franz (1883-1924): The Trial, The Castle
|
|
German
|
20
|
Mann, Thomas (1875-1955): The Magic Mountain, Joseph and His Brothers
|
|
German
|
20
|
Planck, Max (1858-1947): Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory, Where Is Science Going?, Scientific Autobiography
|
|
Greek
|
-9
|
Homer (9th c. B.C.): Iliad and Odyssey
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Sophocles (c.495-406 B.C.): Oedipus, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Philoctetes
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Aeschylus (c.525-456 B.C.): Agamemnon, Libation Bearers, Eumenides, Prometheus Bound, Oresteia
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Euripides (c.485-406 B.C.): Bacchae, Imphigeneia at Aulis, Medea, Hippolytus
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Herodotus (c.484-425 B.C.): History
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Thucydides (c.460-400 B.C.): History of the Peloponnesian War
|
|
Greek
|
-4
|
Aristophanes (c.448-380 B.C.): The Frogs, The Clouds
|
|
Greek
|
-4
|
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): Poetics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, De Anima, Categories
|
|
Greek
|
-4
|
Hippocrates (c.460-377? B.C.): Medical Writings
|
|
Greek
|
-4
|
Plato (c.427-347 BC): Meno, Gorgias, Republic, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Symposium, Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Timaeus, Phaedrus
|
|
Greek
|
-3
|
Apollonius of Perga (fl.c.240 B.C.): Conic Sections
|
|
Greek
|
-3
|
Archimedes (c.287-212 B.C.): Works of Archimedes
|
|
Greek
|
-3
|
Epicurus (c.341-270 B.C.): ``Letter to Herodotus'' ``Letter to Menoecus''
|
|
Greek
|
-2
|
Euclid (fl.c. 300 B.C.): Elements
|
|
Greek
|
1
|
Nicomachus of Gerasa (fl.c. A.D. 100): Introduction to Arithmetic
|
|
Greek
|
1
|
Plutarch (c.45-120): Parallel Lives, Moralia
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Bible
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Epictetus (c.60-120): Discourses, Encheiridion, Manual
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Galen (C. 130-200): On the Natural Faculties
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Lucian of Samosata (c.120-c.190): Dialogues of the Dead. Dialogues of the Sea-Gods. Dialogues of the Gods. Dialogues of the Courtesans
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Marcus Aurelius (121-180): Meditations
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Ptolemy (c.100-170; fl. 127-151): Almagest
|
|
Greek
|
3
|
Diogenes Laertius (c. 3rd. C.): Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers
|
|
Greek
|
3
|
Plotinus (205-270): The Enneads
|
|
Italian
|
14
|
Alighieri, Dante (1265-1321): The New Life, On Monarchy, The Divine Comedy
|
|
Italian
|
14
|
Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375): Decameron
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527): The Prince, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Vinci, Leonardo da (1452-1519): Notebooks
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Cicero (106-43 B.C.): Orations and Letters
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Horace (65-8 B.C.): Poetic Works
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Lucretius (c.95-55 B.C.): On the Nature of Things
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Virgil (70-19 B.C.): Aeneid
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Livy (59 B.C.--A.D. 17): History of Rome
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Ovid (43 B.C.--A.D. 17): Metamorphosis
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Seneca (4 B.C. --A.D.65): Dialogues, Letters to Lucilius
|
|
Latin
|
2
|
Tacitus (c.55-117): Histories, Annals, Agricola , Germania
|
|
Latin
|
5
|
Augustine of Hippo (354-430): Confessions, City of God, On Christian Doctrine
|
|
Latin
|
11
|
Anselm of Canterbury (1033-11909): Proslogium
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Thomas Aquinas (c.1225-1274): Summa Theologica, Summa Contra Gentiles
|
|
Latin
|
16
|
Calvin, John (1509-1564): Institutes of the Christian Religion
|
|
Latin
|
16
|
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543): On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
|
|
Latin
|
16
|
Erasmus, Desiderius (c.1469-1536): The Praise of Folly
|
|
Latin
|
16
|
Gilbert, William (1540-1603): On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies
|
|
Latin
|
16
|
More, Sir Thomas (c.1478-1535): Utopia
|
|
Latin
|
17
|
Bacon, Francis (1561-1626): Essays, Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum, New Atlantis
|
|
Latin
|
17
|
Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642): The Starry Messenger, Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
|
|
Latin
|
17
|
Harvey, William (1578-1657): On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, On the Circulation of the Blood, On the Generation of Animals
|
|
Latin
|
17
|
Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695): Treatise on Light, On the Movement of Bodies by Impact
|
|
Latin
|
17
|
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630): Epitome of Copernican Astronomy, Concerning the Harmonies of the World
|
|
Latin
|
17
|
Spinoza, Benedict de (1632-1677): Ethics
|
|
Latin
|
18
|
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646-1716): Discourse on Metaphysics, New Essays Concerning Human Understanding, Monadology
|
|
Latin
|
18
|
Newton, Isaac (1642-1727): Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Optics
|
|
Norse
|
13
|
Anonymous: Saga of Burnt Njal
|
|
Norwegian
|
20
|
Ibsen, Henrik (1828-1906): The Wild Duck, Hedda Gabler, The Master Builder
|
|
Russian
|
19
|
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (1821-1881): Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov, Notes from the Underground
|
|
Russian
|
19
|
Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich (1792-1856): Theory of Parallels
|
|
Russian
|
20
|
Chekhov, Anton (1860-1904): Short Stories, The Cherry Orchard
|
|
Russian
|
20
|
Lenin, Nikolai (1870-1924): The State and Revolution
|
|
Russian
|
20
|
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich. (1918-2008): The First Circle, The Cancer Ward
|
|
Russian
|
20
|
Tolstoy, Leo (1828-1910): War and Peace, Anna Karenina
|
|
Spanish
|
16
|
De Las Casas, Bartolomé (1484-1566): Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies
|
|
Spanish
|
17
|
Cervantes, Miguel de (1547-1616): Don Quixote
|
|
Analyzing this list by language, I find that 48 of the authors wrote in English, 26 in French, 24 each in Latin and Greek, 16 in German, 6 in Russian, 4 in Italian, 2 in Spanish, and 1 each in Danish, Norse, and Norwegian.
Analyzing this canon chronologically, I find that there are 31 authors who wrote primarily in the 20th century; 34 primarily in the 19th century; 20 in the 18th; 17
in the 17th; 10 in the 16th; 8 in the millennium generally known as the Middle Ages; 15 in the first five centuries AD of Antiquity; and 18 in the 9-century period of BC
Antiquity.
In other words, of a list compiled by American intellectuals in the early 20th century, fully one-third of the classic authors were British or American, one out of every five "classic" authors was still alive at the time the list was compiled, and two-thirds of them lived within the preceding century and a half. This standard canon is, in essence,
a chronicle of the Anglo-American liberal tradition with proper and due acknowledgement to the French Enlightenment and Greek Antiquity. This canon is indeed a fine starting point for a life-time of reading and discussion, particularly for those coming from and being educated in the Anglo-American liberal tradition, but I believe it would be more accurate to refer to this list in those terms rather than as the list of great books of Western Civilization as a whole, for it is not broad or representative enough either of
the entire time-span of Western Civilization or of the literary heritages that comprise it. Contemplating the list with a general knowledge of the major intellectual traditions of Germany, Italy, and Spain, one will notice that many of the very greatest figures from those languages are absent. Likewise, many of the only comparatively minor languages whose heritages are an integral part of the true scope of Western Civilization are not represented at all, despite having their fair share of classics.
Principles for Expanding the Canon
Thus, I have set about trying to comprise a list that would be more representative of the entire true great books heritage of Western Civilization. I have done this by adding
copiously from my direct experience of deliberately searching out the greatest texts from the entire heritage by reading literary, intellectual, and cultural histories of all of the languages of Europe. As attempting to keep the list to 100 or 150 greatest works would have entailed an impossible constant paring down, I saw no sense at all in doing this, but rather simply expanded the list. I am more than willing to continue doing so as it only stands to reason that as time goes by, more and more classics will have been written. Still, in compiling my lists, I have attempted to follow a principle learned from Schopenhauer, which the compilers of the original lists seemed to heed not at all, namely: nothing should be considered a classic until its author has been dead for 100 years. Thus, I have deleted many names from the standard canon and placed them on a separate "20th century waiting list" (also given below) until a century has elapsed since their deaths.
As it stands, I now (in 2010) have over 833 entries on my list of Great Books of Western Civilization. Obviously, this can no longer form the core of a unified college curriculum for seminar discussions, but rather the guidelines for a life-time of reading.
Likewise, feeling that the general time has come for the compilation of similar lists of Great Books from other civilizations as an integral part of the project of Polyliteracy, I have belatedly begun compiling these as well. Thus, I also have and offer the beginnings of lists for Eastern (66 authors/works), Indic (57 authors/works), and what I feel is best labeled "Central" (74 authors/works) Civilizations in rudimentary stages as well. These lists are terribly fragmentary and incomplete, but at least they are a beginning. In compiling them, I am greatly indebted to all previous lists that I have seen, as I have endeavored to incorporate them all and then proceed to expand them. The fact that the exotic lists are still so sketchy indicates just how much work has yet to be done before the 21st century mind can truly claim to be global in its perspective.
The Expanded Comprehensive Canon for Western Civilization
As noted above, this list attempts to include the most important figures from all times from all European languages. I have generally put the titles of their works in English if translations exist, but I am afraid I have not been completely systematic about this. Authors are listed alphabetically according to their century, centuries are organized chronologically within each language, and the entire list is alphabetized according to language of composition. At times I will indubitably have erred in my placement of certain authors who wrote in more than one language or whose life spans overlapped two centuries. In order to qualify for this list, the writer must have died before 1910; prominent 20th century writers and thinkers who lived past 1911 are found on the separate 20th Century Waiting List. If you have suggestions for additions, subtractions, corrections, or any other emendations or improvements, please do .
The Expanded Comprehensive Canon for Western Civilization
|
Language
|
Century
|
Author & Work(s)
|
|
Catalan
|
13
|
Llull, Ramon (1232-1315) : Ars Magna, Book of Animals, etc.
|
|
Catalan
|
14
|
Eiximenis, Francesc (1327-1409) : Lo Crestià
|
|
Catalan
|
14
|
Munatner, Ramon (1277-1336) et al. : Four Great Chronicles
|
|
Catalan
|
14
|
Metge, Bernat (c.1340-1413) : Libre de Fortuna e de Prudència, Lo somni
|
|
Catalan
|
14
|
Turmeda, Anselm (1355-1423) : Dispute of the Ass, Llibre dels bons amonestaments
|
|
Catalan
|
15
|
Anonymous (c.1460) : Curial e Güelfa
|
|
Catalan
|
15
|
March, Ausias (1397-1459) : Songs of Love, Songs of Death, Spiritual Songs
|
|
Catalan
|
15
|
Martorell, Joanot (1405-1465) & Martí Joan de Galba (died 1490) : Tirant lo Blanc
|
|
Catalan
|
16
|
Romaguera, Josep (1642–1723) : Atheneo de Grandesa
|
|
Catalan
|
17
|
Fontanella, Francesc (1615-1685) : Antologia poètica
|
|
Catalan
|
18
|
Baron of Maldà, Rafael d’Amat i de Cortada (1746-1818) : Calaix de sastre
|
|
Catalan
|
19
|
Verdaguer, Jacint (1845-1902) : L’Atlàntida
|
|
Croatian
|
15
|
Drži?, Džore (1461-1501) : Ranjina's Miscellany, Radmio and Ljubmir
|
|
Croatian
|
15
|
Maruli?, Marko (1450-1524) : Judith
|
|
Croatian
|
16
|
Drži?, Marin (1508-1567) : Dundo Maroje, Skup The Miser, Novela od Stanca, Pomet
|
|
Croatian
|
16
|
Zorani?, Petar (1508-1569) : Planine
|
|
Croatian
|
17
|
Gunduli?, Ivan (Dživo) (1589–1638) : Osman
|
|
Croatian
|
18
|
Relkovi?, Matija Antun (1732–1798) : Satir or savage man
|
|
Croatian
|
19
|
Kova?i?, Ante (1854-1889) : U registraturi
|
|
Croatian
|
19
|
Mažurani?, Ivan (1814-1890) : Smrt Smail age ?engi?a—"Death of Smail aga ?engi?
|
|
Croatian
|
19
|
Šenoa, August (1838–1881) : Goldsmith's Gold, Pirates of Senj, Peasants' Revolt, Diogenes
|
|
Czech
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1314) : Chronicle of Dalimil
|
|
Czech
|
19
|
Mácha, Karel Hynek (1810-1836) : Maj
|
|
Czech
|
19
|
Klicpera, Václav Kliment (1792-1859) : Divotvorný klobouk, Hadrián z ?íms?, Ján za chrta dán, Rohovín ?tverrohý, Zlý jelen
|
|
Czech
|
19
|
Šafárik, Pavel Jozef (1795-1861) : Muse of Tatras
|
|
Danish
|
17
|
Leonora Christina, Countess Ulfeldt (1621-1698) : Jammersminde
|
|
Danish
|
18
|
Ewald, Johannes (1743-1781) : Collected Poems, Rolf Krage, Balders Død, Fiskerne, Levnet og Meninger
|
|
Danish
|
19
|
Andersen, Hans Christian (1805-1875) : Tales
|
|
Danish
|
19
|
Baggesen, Jens Immanuel (1764-1826) : Collected poems
|
|
Danish
|
19
|
Jacobsen, Jens Peter (1847-1885) : Niels Lyhne, Fru Marie Grubbe, Mogens og andre Noveller
|
|
Danish
|
19
|
Grundtvig, Nikolaj Frederik Severin (1783-1872) : Northern Mythology, The Fall of the Heroic Life in the North, The First World Chronicle, Rhyme of Roskilde
|
|
Danish
|
19
|
Kierkegaard, Soren (1813-1855) : Either/Or, Sickness unto Death, Concept of Dread, Fear and Trembling
|
|
Danish
|
19
|
Oehlenschläger, Adam Gottlob (1779-1850) : Baldur hin Gode, Palnatoke, Axel og Valborg, Hakon Jarl, Nordens Guder, Væringerne i Miklagaard, Hrolf Krake, Thors Reise til Jotunheim, Langelandsreisen, Aladdin
|
|
Dutch
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1200) : Karel ende Elegast
|
|
Dutch
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1240) : Van den Vos Reynaerd
|
|
Dutch
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Roman van Ferguut
|
|
Dutch
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Morien
|
|
Dutch
|
13
|
Jacob van Maerlant (c.1230-c.1300) : Flower of Nature, Mirror of History
|
|
Dutch
|
13
|
Melis Stoke (1235 -1305) : Rijmkroniek
|
|
Dutch
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1350) : Abele Spelen
|
|
Dutch
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1350) : Everyman
|
|
Dutch
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1374) : Beatrijs
|
|
Dutch
|
14
|
Jan van Ruysbroeck (1293-1381) : The Spiritual Espousals
|
|
Dutch
|
16
|
Coornhert, Dirck Volckertszoon (1522-1590) : Art of Ethics (1586)
|
|
Dutch
|
17
|
Bredero, Gerbrand Adriaensz (1585-1618) : Spanish Brabanter
|
|
Dutch
|
17
|
Cats, Jacob (1577-1660) : Emblem Books
|
|
Dutch
|
17
|
Heemskerk, Johan van (1597-1656) : Batavian Arcadia (1637)
|
|
Dutch
|
17
|
Heinsius, Nicolas (1655-1718) : Mirandor (1675)
|
|
Dutch
|
17
|
Hooft, Pieter Corneliszoon (1581-1647) : History of the Netherlands
|
|
Dutch
|
17
|
van den Vondel, Joost (1587-1679) : Lucifer, Joannes de Boetgezant
|
|
Dutch
|
19
|
Conscience, Hendrik (1812-1883) : The Lion of Flanders, Blind Rosa, Rikketikketak, The Decayed Gentleman, The Miser
|
|
Dutch
|
19
|
Multatuli (Eduard Douwes Dekker, 1820–1887) : Max Havelaar
|
|
English
|
8
|
Anonymous (c.750) : Beowulf
|
|
English
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1375) : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
|
|
English
|
14
|
Chaucer, Geoffrey (c.1340-1400) : Troilus and Criseyde, Canterbury Tales
|
|
English
|
14
|
Gower, John (1330-1408) : Confessio Amantis, or Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins
|
|
English
|
14
|
Langland, William (c.1400) : Piers the Plowman
|
|
English
|
15
|
Malory, Sir Thomas (c.1470) : Morte D'Arthur
|
|
English
|
16
|
Bunyan, John (1628-1688) : Pilgrim's Progress
|
|
English
|
16
|
Foxe, John (1516-1587) : Book of Martyrs
|
|
English
|
16
|
Marlowe, Christopher (1563-1594) : Doctor Faustus, Edward II, Tamburlaine
|
|
English
|
16
|
Sidney, Sir Philip (1554–1586) : Arcadia
|
|
English
|
16
|
Spenser, Edmund (c.1552-1599) : Faerie Queene
|
|
English
|
17
|
Cowley, Abraham (1618-1667) : Essays
|
|
English
|
17
|
Donne, John (1572–1631) : Complete English Poems
|
|
English
|
17
|
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) : Leviathan, Elements of Law, Natural & Politic
|
|
English
|
17
|
Jonson, Benjamin (1572–1637) : Volpone, The Alchemist, Bartholomew Fair
|
|
English
|
17
|
Milton, John (1608-1674) : Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes
|
|
English
|
17
|
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616) : Macbeth, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, King John, Henry V, Richard III, Sonnets
|
|
English
|
18
|
Addison, Jospeh (1672–1719) : Essays
|
|
English
|
18
|
Berkeley, George (1685-1753) : Principles of Human Knowledge
|
|
English
|
18
|
Boswell, James (1740-1795) : Life of Johnson
|
|
English
|
18
|
Burke, Edmund (1729-1797) : Reflections on the Revolution in France
|
|
English
|
18
|
Burns, Robert (1759-1796) : Poems and Songs
|
|
English
|
18
|
Defoe, Daniel (1660-1731) : Robinson Crusoe
|
|
English
|
18
|
Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790) : Autobiography
|
|
English
|
18
|
Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794) : Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Memoirs
|
|
English
|
18
|
Hume, David (1711-1776) : Human Nature, Human Understanding, Natural Religion
|
|
English
|
18
|
Johnson, Samuel (1709-1784) : Rasselas, Vanity of Human Wishes, Lives of the Poets
|
|
English
|
18
|
Macphearson, James (1736-1796) : Ossian
|
|
English
|
18
|
Park, Mungo (1771-1806) : Travels in the Interior of Africa
|
|
English
|
18
|
Reid, Thomas (1710–1796) : An Inquiry Into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense
|
|
English
|
18
|
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3d earl of (1671–1713) : Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times
|
|
English
|
18
|
Smith, Adam (1723-1790) : Theory of Moral Sentiments, Wealth of Nations
|
|
English
|
18
|
Steele, Sir Richard (1672–1729) : Essays
|
|
English
|
18
|
Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745) : Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, Battle of the Books
|
|
English
|
19
|
Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832) : Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Theory of Fictions
|
|
English
|
19
|
Blake, William (1757-1827) : Songs of Innocence and Experience
|
|
English
|
19
|
Burkhardt, John Lewis (1784-1817) : Travels in Arabia
|
|
English
|
19
|
Byron, George Gordon, Lord (1788-1824) : Don Juan
|
|
English
|
19
|
Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881) : French Revolution, On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History
|
|
English
|
19
|
Darwin, Charles (1809-1882) : Origin of Species, Descent of Man, Autobiography
|
|
English
|
19
|
Dickens, Charles (1812-1870) : Oliver Twist, Nicolas Nickleby, Martin Chuzzlewit, David Copperfield, Bleak House, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations
|
|
English
|
19
|
Eliot, George (1819-1880) : Adam Bede, Middlemarch, Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner
|
|
English
|
19
|
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882) : Representative Men, Essays, Conduct of Life
|
|
English
|
19
|
Faraday, Michael (1791-1867) : Chemical History of a Candle, Experimental Researches in Electricity
|
|
English
|
19
|
Godwin, William (1756-1836) : An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams
|
|
English
|
19
|
Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864) : The Scarlet Letter
|
|
English
|
19
|
Hogg, James (1770-1835) : The Private Memoirs and Confessions of A Justified Sinner
|
|
English
|
19
|
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–1895) : Autobiography and Selected Essays
|
|
English
|
19
|
James, William (1842-1910) : Principles of Psychology, Will to Believe, Varieties of Religious Experience, Pragmatism
|
|
English
|
19
|
Keats, John (1795–1821) : Complete Poems
|
|
English
|
19
|
Lamb, Charles (1775-1834) : Essays of Elia
|
|
English
|
19
|
Lyell, Charles (1797-1875) : Principles of Geology; Travels in North America
|
|
English
|
19
|
Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–1859) : Essays
|
|
English
|
19
|
Melville, Herman (1819-1891) : Moby Dick, Billy Budd
|
|
English
|
19
|
Meredith, George (1828-1909) : The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, The Egoist
|
|
English
|
19
|
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873) : On Liberty, Utilitarianism, Autobiography
|
|
English
|
19
|
Morris, William (1834-1896) : The Wood Beyond the World, The Well at the World's End, News from Nowhere
|
|
English
|
19
|
Newman, John Henry (1801-1890) : Apologia Pro Vita Sua
|
|
English
|
19
|
Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849) : Tales, Poems, Essays
|
|
English
|
19
|
Ricardo, David (1772–1823) : Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
|
|
English
|
19
|
Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832) : Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The Lady of The Lake, Waverley, Tales of the Crusaders, Quentin Durward
|
|
English
|
19
|
Tennyson, Alfred Lord (1809-1892) : Idylls of the King
|
|
English
|
19
|
Thoreau, Henry David (1817-1862) : Civil Disobedience, Walden
|
|
English
|
19
|
Trollope, Anthony (1816-1882) : Barchester Towers
|
|
English
|
19
|
Twain, Mark (1832-1910) : Tom Sawyer, Huckelberry Finn
|
|
Finnish
|
19
|
Lönnerot, Elias (1802-1884) : Kalevala
|
|
French
|
11
|
Anonymous (c.1100) : Chanson de Roland
|
|
French
|
11
|
Anonymous (c.1100) : Le Roman d'Alexandre
|
|
French
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1100) : Le Roman de Thèbes
|
|
French
|
11
|
Anonymous (c.1100) : Le Cycle de Guillaume d'Orange
|
|
French
|
11
|
Richard le Pèlerin (c.1100) : La Chanson d'Antioche
|
|
French
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1140) : Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
|
|
French
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1160) : Le Roman d'Enéas
|
|
French
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1180) : Fierabras, Aspremont
|
|
French
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1200) : Ysopet et Avionnet
|
|
French
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1200) : Renaud de Montauban ou Les Quatre Fils Aymon, Raoul de Cambrai, Doön de Mayence, Ogier le Danois, Gormont et Isembart
|
|
French
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1200) : Garin le Loherain, Hervis de Metz, Gerbert de Metz, Anseïs fils de Girbert
|
|
French
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Ami et Amile, Jourdain de Blaye
|
|
French
|
12
|
Benoît de Sainte-Maure (d. 1173) : Le Roman de Troie
|
|
French
|
12
|
Béroul (fl.c.1175) : Tristan et Iseut
|
|
French
|
12
|
Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube (fl.c.1200) : Girard de Vienne, Aymeri de Narbonne, Les Narbonnais, Beuve de Hantone
|
|
French
|
12
|
Chretein de Troyes (fl.1165-80) : Percival ou le Conte du Graal, Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la Charrette, Yvaine, Erec and Enide, Cliges
|
|
French
|
12
|
Geoffrey de Villhardouin (1160-1213) : Chronicles
|
|
French
|
12
|
Marie de France (c.1200) : Lais, Fables
|
|
French
|
12
|
Pierre de Saint Cloud (fl.c.1175) : Le Roman de Renart
|
|
French
|
12
|
Robert de Boron (c.1200) : Merlin, Le Roman du Graal
|
|
French
|
12
|
Thomas of Britain (fl.c.1275) : Tristan et Iseut
|
|
French
|
12
|
Wace (c.1115-c.1183) : Roman de Brut, Roman de Rou
|
|
French
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1240) : Huon de Bordeaux, Roman d'Aubéron, Huon Roi de Féérie, Chanson d'Esclarmonde, Chanson de Clarisse et Florent, Chanson d'Yde et d'Olive, Chanson de Godin, Roman de Croissant
|
|
French
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Arthurian Cycle - Lancelot du Lac, La Queste del Saint Graal, La Mort le Roi Artu, Erec, La premiere continuation de Perceval, Merlin le Prophete ou le Livre du Graal, Estoire del Saint Grail, Prose Tristan, L'Atre périlleux
|
|
French
|
13
|
Brunetto Latini (1230-1294) : Le Livre du Tresor
|
|
French
|
13
|
Gerbert de Montreuil (fl.c.1250) : Le Roman de la violette, Gérard de Nevers
|
|
French
|
13
|
Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun[g] (1240-1305) : Romance of the Rose
|
|
French
|
13
|
Jean de Joinville (1224-1317) : Chronicles
|
|
French
|
13
|
Jean Renart (fl.c.1180-c.1240) : Galeran de Bretagne, Le Chevalier au Cygne, L'Escoufle, Guillaume de Dole
|
|
French
|
13
|
Renaut de Beaujeu (fl.c.1180-c.1230) : Le Bel Inconnu
|
|
French
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1300) : Gui de Warewic
|
|
French
|
14
|
Christine de Pisan (1365-1430) : The Book of the City of Ladies
|
|
French
|
14
|
Eustache Deschamps (1346-1406) : Poems, Ballades, Le Miroir de Mariage
|
|
French
|
14
|
Froissart (1333-1400) : Histories
|
|
French
|
14
|
Henri de Ferrieres (c.1350) : Le Livre du Roy Modus et de la Royne Ratio
|
|
French
|
14
|
Jehan de Mandeville (c.1350) : Travels
|
|
French
|
15
|
Alain Chartier (c.1392-c.1430) : Le Quadrilogue Invectif
|
|
French
|
15
|
Antoine de la Sale (1388-1462) : Jehan de Saintré
|
|
French
|
15
|
Charles d'Orléans (1394-1465) : Ballades
|
|
French
|
15
|
Philippe de Commynes (1447-1511) : Memoires
|
|
French
|
15
|
Villon (Francois de Moncorbier) (1431-c.1463) : Le Testament
|
|
French
|
16
|
Bellay, Joachim du (1522-1560) : Regrets
|
|
French
|
16
|
d'Aubigné, Théodore-Agrippa (1552–1630) : Les Tragiques
|
|
French
|
16
|
Marguerite de Navarre (d'Angouleme) (1492-1549) : Heptameron
|
|
French
|
16
|
Marguerite de Valois (1553-1615) : Memoires
|
|
French
|
16
|
Montaigne, Michel de (1533-1592) : Essays
|
|
French
|
16
|
Rabelais, Francois (c.1495-1553) : Gargantua and Pantagruel
|
|
French
|
16
|
Ronsard, Pierre de (1524-1585) : Odes
|
|
French
|
16
|
Scève, Maurice (1500-1560) : Délie
|
|
French
|
17
|
Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706) : Philosophical Commentary
|
|
French
|
17
|
Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas (1636-1711) : L'Art poétique, Le Lutrin
|
|
French
|
17
|
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne (1627-1704) : Funerary Orations
|
|
French
|
17
|
Cardinal de Retz, Jean François Paul de Gondi (1614-1679) : Memoirs
|
|
French
|
17
|
Champlain, Samuel de (1580-1635) : Travels in New France
|
|
French
|
17
|
Corneille, Pierre (1606-1684) : Le Cid, Horace, Cinna, Polyeucte
|
|
French
|
17
|
Fayette, Marie-Madeleine de la (1634-1693) : The Princess of Cleves
|
|
French
|
17
|
Fenelon, Francois de Salignac de la Mothe (1651-1715) : Adventures of Telemachus, Dialogues
|
|
French
|
17
|
La Fontaine (1621-1695) : Fables
|
|
French
|
17
|
Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715) : Concerning the Search after Truth, Treatise on Ethics
|
|
French
|
17
|
Moliere (1622-1673) : The Misanthrope, The School for Wives, Tartuffe, The Miser, The Imaginary Invalid, The Bourgeois Gentleman
|
|
French
|
17
|
Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662) : Provincial Letters, Pensees, Scientific Treatises, Meditations
|
|
French
|
17
|
Racine, Jean Baptiste (1639-1699) : La Thébaïde, Alexandre le Grand, Andromaque, Les Plaideurs, Britannicus, Bérénice, Bajazet, Mithridate, Iphigénie, Phèdre, Esther, Athalie
|
|
French
|
17
|
Tallement des Réaux, Gédéon (1619-1692) : Histoirettes
|
|
French
|
18
|
Casanova, Giacomo Girolamo (1725–1798) : Autobiography & Memoirs
|
|
French
|
18
|
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de (1715-1780) : On the Origin of Human Knowledge, Treatise on Sensations
|
|
French
|
18
|
D'Alembert, Jean le Rond (1717–1783) : Encyclopédie
|
|
French
|
18
|
D'Holbach, Paul Henri Dietric, Baron (1723-1789) : System of Nature, Universal Morality
|
|
French
|
18
|
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) : Encyclopédie, Jacques the Fatalist and his Master, Rameau's Nephew
|
|
French
|
18
|
Duclos, Charles Pinot (1704-1772) : Considérations sur les moeurs de ce siècle
|
|
French
|
18
|
Helvétius, Claude-Adrien (1715-1771) : On the Mind, On Man
|
|
French
|
18
|
La Rochefoucauld, Francois VI, duc de (1613-1680) : Maximes
|
|
French
|
18
|
Laclos, Choderlos de (1741-1803) : Dangerous Liaisons
|
|
French
|
18
|
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743-1794) : Elements of Chemistry
|
|
French
|
18
|
Lesage, Alain Rene (1668-1747) : Gil Blas de Santillane, Le Diable Boiteux
|
|
French
|
18
|
Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de (1668-1763) : Le Triomphe de l'amour, Le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard, Les Fausses Confidences
|
|
French
|
18
|
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de (1689-1755) : Persian Letters, Spirit of Laws
|
|
French
|
18
|
Prévost, Antoine-Francois, l'Abbé (1697-1763) : L'Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut
|
|
French
|
18
|
Rétif de la Bretonne, Nicolas-Edme (1734–1806) : Ingenue Saxancour
|
|
French
|
18
|
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712-1778) : Confessions, Reveries, Social Contract, Emile, Julie
|
|
French
|
18
|
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, le Marquis de (1740–1814) : Justine, Juliette
|
|
French
|
18
|
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, duc de (1675–1755) : Memoirs
|
|
French
|
18
|
Voltaire (1694-1778) : Zadig, Micromégas, Candide, Dictionnaire philosophique, Universal History
|
|
French
|
19
|
Balzac, Honore de (1799-1850) : Le Père Goriot, Le Lys dans la vallée, La Rabouilleuse, Illusions perdues, La Cousine Bette, Le Cousin Pons
|
|
French
|
19
|
Baudelaire, Charles (1821-1867) : Les Fleurs du mal, Les paradis artificiels, Le Spleen de Paris/Petits Poèmes en Prose
|
|
French
|
19
|
Bernard, Claude (1813-1878) : Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine
|
|
French
|
19
|
Chateaubriand, Francois-Rene de (1768-1848) : Memoires d'Outre-Tombe, Genie du Christianisme
|
|
French
|
19
|
Comte, Auguste (1798-1857) : Positive Philosophy
|
|
French
|
19
|
Daudet, Alphonse (1840-1897) : Lettres de Mon Moulin, Tartarin de Tarascon
|
|
French
|
19
|
d'Aurevilly (Jules Amédée) Barbey (1808–1889) : Le Chevalier des touches, Les Diaboliques
|
|
French
|
19
|
Dumas, Alexandre (1802-1870) : The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Muskateers
|
|
French
|
19
|
Flaubert, Gustave (1821-1880) : Madame Bovary, Salammbô, Sentimental Education, The Temptation of Saint Anthony, Bouvard et Pécuchet
|
|
French
|
19
|
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768-1830) : Analytical Theory of Heat
|
|
French
|
19
|
Gobineau, Joseph Arthur Comte de (1816-1882) : An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
|
|
French
|
19
|
Hugo, Victor (1797-1885) : Les Misérables, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, La Légende des siècles
|
|
French
|
19
|
Huysmans, Joris-Karl (1848-1907) : À rebours, Là-Bas, En route, La cathédrale, L'Oblat
|
|
French
|
19
|
Joubert, Joseph (1754-1824) : Pensées, essais, maximes et correspondance
|
|
French
|
19
|
Lamartine, Alphonse de (1790-1869) : Souvenirs...pendant un voyage en Orient
|
|
French
|
19
|
Lautréamont (1846-1870) : Les chants de Maldoror
|
|
French
|
19
|
Maupassant, Guy de (1850-1893) : Complete Short Stories
|
|
French
|
19
|
Michelet, Jules (1798-1874) : History of France
|
|
French
|
19
|
Nerval, Gérard de (Labrunie) (1808–1855) : Voyage en Orient
|
|
French
|
19
|
Potocki, Count Jan Nepomucen (1761-1815) : Manuscrit Trouvé à Saragosse
|
|
French
|
19
|
Renan, Ernest (1823-1892) : Souvenirs d'enfance et de jeunesse
|
|
French
|
19
|
Rimbaud, Arthur (1854-1891) : Le bateau ivre, Une Saison en Enfer, Illuminations
|
|
French
|
19
|
Saint-Simon, (Claude) Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760–1825) : Introduction aux travaux scientifiques du XIXe siècle, Mémoire sur la science de l'homme, De la réorganisation de la société européenne, Le Nouveau Christianisme
|
|
French
|
19
|
Sand, George = Amandine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin, Baroness Dudevant (1804–1876) : Autobiography
|
|
French
|
19
|
Stendhal (1783-1842) : Le Rouge et le Noir, La Chartreuse de Parme
|
|
French
|
19
|
Tocqueville, Alexis de (1805-1859) : Democracy in America
|
|
French
|
19
|
Verne, Jules (1828-1905) : A Journey to the Centre of the Earth, From the Earth to the Moon, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Around the World in Eighty Days, The Mysterious Island
|
|
French
|
19
|
Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1838–1889) : Contes cruels
|
|
French
|
19
|
Zola, Emile (1840-1902 ) : L'Assommoir, Nana, Germinal
|
|
German
|
10
|
Anonymous (c.870) : Hildebrandslied, Muspilli
|
|
German
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1180) : Nibelungenlied
|
|
German
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1190) : Kudrun
|
|
German
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1150) : Kaiserchronik oder Der Keiser und der Kunige Buoch
|
|
German
|
12
|
Dietmar von Aist (fl.c.1140-1171) : Lieder
|
|
German
|
12
|
Eilhart von Oberge (fl.c.1180) : Tristrant
|
|
German
|
12
|
Friedrich von Hausen (c.1150-1190) : Lieder
|
|
German
|
12
|
Heinrich von Morungen (c.1200) : Lieder
|
|
German
|
12
|
Heinrich von Veldeke (c.1185) : Eneasroman
|
|
German
|
12
|
Konrad der Pfaffe (c.1170) : Das Rolandslied
|
|
German
|
12
|
Reinmar von Hagenau (d.1210) : Lieder
|
|
German
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1220) : Sachsenspiegel
|
|
German
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Rosengarten zu Worms
|
|
German
|
13
|
Albrecht von Scharfenberg (fl.1270) : Jüngere Titurel
|
|
German
|
13
|
Der Stricker (fl.c.1220) : Daniel von dem blühenden Tal, Karl, Pfaffe Âmis
|
|
German
|
13
|
Der Pleier (fl.1240-1270) : Garel von dem blühenden Tal, Tandareis und Flordibel, Meleranz
|
|
German
|
13
|
Gotfried von Strassburg (fl.1210) : Tristan and Isolde
|
|
German
|
13
|
Hartmann von Aue (fl.1190-1210) : Gregorius, Poor Henry, Erec, Iwein
|
|
German
|
13
|
Konrad von Würzburg (d.1287) : Der trojanische Krieg, Partenopier und Meliur, Der Welt Lohn, Klage der Kunst, Engelhart und Engeltrut, Kaiser Otto, Das Herzemaere
|
|
German
|
13
|
Neidhart von Reuental (fl.1210-1240) : Lieder
|
|
German
|
13
|
Rudolf von Ems (c.1200-1254) : Der gute Gerhard, Barlaam and Josaphat, Wilhelm von Orlens, Alexanderroman, Weltchronik
|
|
German
|
13
|
Ulrich von Liechtenstein (1200–1278) : Frauendienst, Frauenbuch
|
|
German
|
13
|
Ulrich von Türheim (fl.c.1200-1250) : Tristan, Rennewart
|
|
German
|
13
|
Walther von der Vogelweide (1170-1230) : Lieder
|
|
German
|
13
|
Wolfram von Eschenbach (1170-1220) : Parzival, Willehalm, Titurel
|
|
German
|
14
|
Heinrich von Meissen = der Frauenlob (c.1250-1318) : Lieder
|
|
German
|
14
|
Johannes von Tepl (c.1350-1414) : Der Ackermann aus Böhmen
|
|
German
|
15
|
Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) : Records of Travels
|
|
German
|
15
|
Anonymous (c.1510) : Till Eulenspiegel
|
|
German
|
15
|
Heinrich von Wittenwiler (c.1410) : Der Ring
|
|
German
|
15
|
Hugo von Montfort (1357-1423) : Lieder
|
|
German
|
15
|
Oswald von Wolkenstein (1376-1445) : Lieder
|
|
German
|
15
|
Sebastian Brant (c.1494) : Das Narrenschiff
|
|
German
|
16
|
Boehme, Jakob (1575-1624) : Way to Christ
|
|
German
|
16
|
Fischart, Johann (1546-1590) : Das glueckshaffte Schiff, Geschischtsklitterung
|
|
German
|
16
|
Luther, Martin (1483-1546) : Table Talk
|
|
German
|
16
|
Sachs, Hans (1494-1576) : Lieder
|
|
German
|
16
|
Wickram, Jörg (c.1505-1562) : Das Rollwagenbuchlein, Ritter Galmy aus Schottland, Gabriotto und Reinhard, Der Knabenspiegel, Von guten und bösen Nachbarn, Der Goldfaden
|
|
German
|
17
|
Böhme, Jakob (1575-1624) : Aurora, The Way to Christ, Theosophic Questions
|
|
German
|
17
|
Grimmelshausen, Hans Jacob Christoph von (1621-1676) : Adventurous Simplicissimus
|
|
German
|
17
|
Gryphius, Andreas (1616-1664) : Carolus Stuardus
|
|
German
|
17
|
Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau, Christian (1616-1679) : Poetry
|
|
German
|
17
|
Lohenstein, Daniel Casper von (1635-1683) : Großmütiger Feldherr Arminius
|
|
German
|
17
|
Opitz von Boberfeld, Martin (1597-1639) : Buch von der deutschen Poeterey
|
|
German
|
17
|
Ulrich von Braunschweig und Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, Herzog Anton (1633-1714) : Die Durchleuchtige Syrerinn Aramena
|
|
German
|
18
|
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814) : Foundations of the Entire Science of Knowledge, The Science of Knowing
|
|
German
|
18
|
Gellert, Christian Fürchtegott (1715-1769) : Fables
|
|
German
|
18
|
Gottsched, Johann Christoph (1700-1766) : Erste Gründe der gesamten Weltweisheit, 1733
|
|
German
|
18
|
Günther, Johann Christian (1695-1723) : Collected Poems
|
|
German
|
18
|
Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744-1803) : Treatise on the Origin of Language, Outline of a Philosophical History of Humanity, On Diligence in Several Learned Languages, How Philosophy can become more Universal and Useful for the Benefit of the People, Of German Character and Art
|
|
German
|
18
|
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) : Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, Critique of Judgment
|
|
German
|
18
|
Kleist, Heinrich von (1777-1811) : Collected Short Stories
|
|
German
|
18
|
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1724-1803) : Die Gelehrtenrepublik
|
|
German
|
18
|
Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold (1751-1792) : The Torments of the Land
|
|
German
|
18
|
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781) : Nathan the Wise, Laocoon, The Education of Humankind
|
|
German
|
18
|
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (1742-1799) : Sudelbücher, Briefe aus England
|
|
German
|
18
|
Moritz, Karl Philipp Moritz (1756-1793) : Anton Reiser
|
|
German
|
18
|
Münchhausen, Karl Friedrich Hieronymus, Freiherr von (1720-1797) : Wonderful Travels
|
|
German
|
18
|
Niebuhr, Carsten (1733-1815) : Travels Through Arabia
|
|
German
|
18
|
Novalis = Friedrich von Hardenberg (1772-1801) : Heinrich von Ofterdingen, Hymns to the Night
|
|
German
|
18
|
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von (1759-1805) : The Robbers, Wallenstein, William Tell, On the Aesthetic Education of Man, A History of the Thirty Years' War, Selected Poems
|
|
German
|
18
|
Wieland, Christoph Martin (1733-1813) : History of Agathon, Oberon
|
|
German
|
19
|
Achim von Arnim, Carl Joachim Friedrich Ludwig (1781-1831) : Des Knaben Wunderhorn, Der tolle Invalide auf dem Fort Ratonneau
|
|
German
|
19
|
Brentano de La Roche, Clemens Wenzeslaus (1778-1842) : Des Knaben Wunderhorn, Romanzen vom Rosenkranz
|
|
German
|
19
|
Clausewitz, Karl von (1780-1831) : On War
|
|
German
|
19
|
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas von (1804–1872) : The Essence of Christianity
|
|
German
|
19
|
Fontane, Theodor (1819 - 1898) : Vor dem Sturm, Effi Briest
|
|
German
|
19
|
Freytag, Gustav (1816-1895) : Debit and Credit, Erinnerungen aus meinen Leben, Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit
|
|
German
|
19
|
Fröbel, Friedrich Wilhelm August (1782–1852) : Die Menschenerziehung, die Erziehungs-, Unterrichts- und Lehrkunst, Autobiography
|
|
German
|
19
|
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832) : Götz von Berlichingen, Die Leiden des jungen Werther, Iphigenie auf Tauris, Reineke Fuchs, Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, Hermann und Dorothea, Faust I & II, Aus Meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit, Westöstlicher Diwan, Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre
|
|
German
|
19
|
Grillparzer, Franz (1791-1872) : Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen, Der Traum, ein Leben
|
|
German
|
19
|
Grimm, Jacob (1785-1863) : Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, Deutsche Grammatik, Deutsche Mythologie, Deutsche Sagen, Kinder- und Hausmärchen
|
|
German
|
19
|
Grimm, Wilhelm (1786-1859) : Die deutsche Heldensage, Deutsche Sagen, Kinder- und Hausmärchen
|
|
German
|
19
|
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) : Phenomenology of Spirit, Philosophy of History
|
|
German
|
19
|
Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856) : Complete Poems
|
|
German
|
19
|
Hoffmann, E.T.A. (1776-1822) : Collected Short Stories
|
|
German
|
19
|
Hölderlin, Friedrich (1770-1843) : Hyperion
|
|
German
|
19
|
Humboldt, Alexander von (1769-1859) : Kosmos
|
|
German
|
19
|
Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767-1835) : The Heterogeneity of Language and its Influence on the Intellectual Development of Mankind, Über das vergleichende Sprachstudium in Beziehung auf die verschiedenen Epochen der Sprachentwicklung
|
|
German
|
19
|
Keller, Gottfried (1819-1890) : Green Henry
|
|
German
|
19
|
Marx, Karl (1818-1883) : Capital, Communist Manifesto
|
|
German
|
19
|
Mendel, Gregor Johann (1822–1884) : Experiments in Plant Hybridization
|
|
German
|
19
|
Meyer, Conrad Ferdinand (1825-1898) : The Wedding of the Monk and other historical novellas
|
|
German
|
19
|
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900) : Human, All Too Human, The Dawn, The Gay Science, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, On the Genealogy of Morality, Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist, Ecce Homo
|
|
German
|
19
|
Paul, Jean = Johann Paul Friedrich Richter (1763-1825) : The Invisible Lodge
|
|
German
|
19
|
Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1746–1827) : How Gertrude Teaches her Children
|
|
German
|
19
|
Raabe, Wilhelm (1831-1910) : Kloster Lugau
|
|
German
|
19
|
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775-1854) : Ideas concerning a philosophy of nature, On the world-soul, Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom
|
|
German
|
19
|
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (1767-1845) : Collected Poems
|
|
German
|
19
|
Schlegel, Friedrich von (1772-1829) : Philosophie des Lebens, Philosophie der Geschichte
|
|
German
|
19
|
Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (1768–1834) : On Religion
|
|
German
|
19
|
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860) : The World as Will and Representation, On the Will in Nature, On the Freedom of the Will, On the Basis of Morality, Parerga and Paralipomena
|
|
German
|
19
|
Stifter, Adalbert (1805-1868) : Der Nachsommer, Witiko
|
|
German
|
19
|
Storm, Theodor (1817-1888) : Immensee, Der Schimmelreiter
|
|
German
|
19
|
Tieck, Johann Ludwig (1773-1853) : Phantasus, Volksmärchen von Peter Lebrecht
|
|
Greek
|
-9
|
Homer (9th c. BC) : The Iliad, The Odyssey
|
|
Greek
|
-8
|
Hesiod (8th c. BC) : Theogonie, Homerica
|
|
Greek
|
-6
|
Aesop (6th c. BC) : Fables
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Aeschylus (c.525-456 BC) : The Persians, Seven Against Thebes, The Suppliants, The Oresteia (= Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides), Prometheus Bound
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Aristophanes (c.448-380 BC) : The Acharnians, The Knights, The Clouds, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, Lysistrata, Thesmophoriazusae, The Frogs, Ecclesiazusae, Wealth
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Euripides (c.485-406 BC) : Alcestis, Medea, Trojan Women, The Bacchae, Cyclops, Andromache, Electra, Iphigenia in Tauris, Iphigenia at Aulis
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Herodotus (c.484-425 BC) : The Histories
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Hippocrates (c.460-c.377 BC) : The Hippocratic Corpus
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Pindar (522-438 BC) : Odes
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Sophocles (c.495-406 BC) : Ajax, Antigone, Trachinian Women, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes, Oedipus at Colonus
|
|
Greek
|
-5
|
Thucydides (c.460-400 BC) : History of the Peloponnesian War
|
|
Greek
|
-4
|
Aristotle (384-322 BC) : Organon [Categories, De Interpretatione, Prior Analytics, Posterior Analytics, Topics, Sophistical Refutations], Physics, On the Heavens, On Generation and Corruption, De Mundo, De Anima, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Great Ethics, Eudemian Ethics, On Virtues and Vices, Politics, Rhetoric, Poetics
|
|
Greek
|
-4
|
Epicurus (c.341-270 BC) : Letter to Herodotus, Letter to Menoecus
|
|
Greek
|
-4
|
Euclid (fl.300 BC) : Elements
|
|
Greek
|
-4
|
Menander (342-292 BC) : Dyskolos
|
|
Greek
|
-4
|
Plato (c.427-347 BC) : Euthyphro, The Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Cratylus, Theaetetus, Sophist, Statesman, Parmenides, Philebus, The Symposium, Phaedrus, Charmides, Laches, Lysis, Euthydemus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, (The) Republic, Timaeus, Critias, The Laws
|
|
Greek
|
-4
|
Xenophon (431-350 BC) : Anabasis, Cyropaedia, Hellenica, Agesilaus, Memorabilia, Oeconomicus, Symposium, Apology, Hiero, Ways and, Constitution of Sparta
|
|
Greek
|
-3
|
Apollonius of Perga (fl.240 BC) : Conic Sections
|
|
Greek
|
-3
|
Archimedes (287-212 BC) : Complete Works
|
|
Greek
|
-3
|
Theocritus (fl.270 BC) : Idylls
|
|
Greek
|
-2
|
Pausanias (c.120-180) : Description of Greece
|
|
Greek
|
1
|
Chariton of Aphrodisias (fl.50) : The Loves of Chaereas and Callirhoe
|
|
Greek
|
1
|
Epictetus (c.60-120) : Discourses, Encheiridion, Manual
|
|
Greek
|
1
|
Nicomachus of Gerasa (fl.100) : Introduction to Arithmetic
|
|
Greek
|
1
|
Plutarch (c.45-120) : Parallel Lives, Opinions of the Philosophers
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Galen (129-216) : On the Natural Faculties
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Longus (fl.c.150) : Daphnis and Chloe
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Lucian (c.120-c.190) : Dialogues of the Gods, Dialogues of the Dead, a True Story
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Marcus Aurelius (121-180) : Meditations
|
|
Greek
|
2
|
Ptolemy (c.100-170; fl. 127-151) : Almagest
|
|
Greek
|
3
|
Achilles Tatius (c.200?) : The Adventures of Leucippe and Cleitophon.
|
|
Greek
|
3
|
Diogenes Laertius (fl.250) : Lives, Teachings, and Sayings of Famous Philosophers
|
|
Greek
|
3
|
Heliodorus of Emesa (c.250) : Aethiopica or Theagenes and Chariclea
|
|
Greek
|
3
|
Philostratus II, the Athenian (c.170-247) : The Life of Apollonius of Tyre
|
|
Greek
|
3
|
Plotinus (205-270) : Enneads
|
|
Greek
|
6
|
Procopius (c.500-c.565) : Wars of Justinian, The Buildings of Justinian, The Secret History.
|
|
Greek
|
8
|
Theophanes Confessor (c.758-c.818) : Chronicles
|
|
Greek
|
11
|
Psellos, Michael (c.1018-c.1078) : Chronographia, De Operatione Daemonum
|
|
Greek
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1150) : Digenes Akrites
|
|
Greek
|
12
|
Eusthatios Makrembolites (fl.c. 1275) Hysimine and Hysimines
|
|
Greek
|
12
|
Niketas Eugenianos (fl. 12th c.) : Drósilla and Charaklís
|
|
Greek
|
12
|
Anna Comnena (1093-c.1148) : Alexiad
|
|
Greek
|
14
|
Anonymous (14th. C.) : Belthandro and Chrysantza, Kallimachos and Chrysorroi, Livistros and Rodamini
|
|
Greek
|
16
|
Kornaros, Vitsentzos (1553-1613) : Erotokritos
|
|
Greek
|
19
|
Kalvos, Andreas (1792-1869) : Collected Poems
|
|
Greek
|
19
|
Paparregopolos, Constantine (fl.1870) : History of the Greek Nation
|
|
Greek
|
19
|
Roidis, Emmanuel (1836-1904) : Pope Joan
|
|
Greek
|
19
|
Solomos, Dionysios (1798-1857) : Collected Poems
|
|
Greek
|
19
|
Vizyinos, Georgios (1849-1896) : Collected Short Stories
|
|
Hungarian
|
16
|
Balassi, Bálint baron of Kékk? and Gyarmat (1554-1594) : Poetry
|
|
Hungarian
|
17
|
Pázmány, Péter (1570-1637) : Guide to Truth
|
|
Hungarian
|
17
|
Zrínyi, Miklós (1620–1664) : The Peril of Sziget
|
|
Hungarian
|
19
|
Arany, János (1817-1882) : Ballads
|
|
Hungarian
|
19
|
Jókai, Mór (1825-1904) : The Man with the Golden Touch, The Heartless Man's Sons, Eyes like the Sea, The novel of the next century
|
|
Hungarian
|
19
|
Madách, Imre (1823-1864) : The Tragedy of Man
|
|
Hungarian
|
19
|
Pet?fi, Sándor (1823-1849) : Selected Poetry
|
|
Icelandic
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1150) : The Poetic Eddic
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Landnámabók
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Family Sagas - Bandamanna, Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss, Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa, Brennu-Njáls
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Family Sagas - Droplaugarsona, Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar, Eiríks saga rauða, Eyrbyggja, Færeyinga
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Family Sagas - Finnboga saga ramma, Fljótsdæla, Flóamanna, Fóstbrœðra, Gísla, Grettis, Grœnlendinga
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Family Sagas - Gull-Þóris, Gunnars saga Keldugnúpsfífls, Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu, Hallfreðar
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Family Sagas - Harðar saga ok Hólmverja, Hávarðar saga Ísfirðings, Heiðarvíga, Hrafnkels, Hrana saga hrings
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Family Sagas - Hænsna-Þóris, Kjalnesinga, Kormáks, Króka-Refs, Laxdæla, Ljósvetninga
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Family Sagas - Reykdœla saga ok Víga-Skútu, Svarfdœla, Valla-Ljóts, Vatnsdœla, Víga-Glúms, Víglundar
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Family Sagas - Vápnfirðinga, Þorsteins saga hvíta, Þorsteins saga Síðu-Hallssonar, Þórðar saga hreðu, Ölkofra
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1250) : Short tales of Icelanders - Morkinskinna, Flateyjarbók
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1300) : Contemporary Sagas - Sturlunga
|
|
Icelandic
|
13
|
Snorri Sturluson (1179-1241): Prose Edda, Heimskringla
|
|
Icelandic
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1350) : Legendary Sagas - Volsunga, Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks, Hrólfs saga kraka, Ásmundar saga kappabana
|
|
Icelandic
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1350) : Legendary Sagas - Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka, Ragnars saga loðbrókar, Göngu-Hrólfs saga
|
|
Icelandic
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1400) : Knightly Sagas - Drauma-Jóns saga, Flóres saga konungs ok sona hans, Hrings saga ok Tryggva
|
|
Icelandic
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1400) : Knightly Sagas - Jarlmanns saga ok Hermanns, Sigrgarðs saga ok Valbrands, Valdimars saga
|
|
Icelandic
|
19
|
Thoroddsen, Jón (1818–1868) : Boy and Girl, Man and Woman
|
|
Irish
|
9
|
Anonymous (c.1000) : Mythological Cycle - The Book of Invasions
|
|
Irish
|
9
|
Anonymous (c.1000) : Fenian Cycle - The Pursuit of Diarmaid and Grainne
|
|
Irish
|
9
|
Anonymous (c.1000) : Historical Cycle - The Madness of Suibne
|
|
Irish
|
9
|
Anonymous (c.1000) : Ulster Cycle - Cattle Raid of Cooley, The Destruction of Da Derga's Hostel
|
|
Irish
|
10
|
Anonymous (c.1100) : Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Leinster
|
|
Irish
|
10
|
Anonymous (c.1100) : The Vision of Mac Conglinne
|
|
Irish
|
15
|
Anonymous (c.1489) : The Annals of Ulster
|
|
Irish
|
16
|
Anonymous (c.1600) : The Annals of the Four Masters
|
|
Irish
|
17
|
Anonymous (c.1675) : Adventures of the Lad of the Ferule, The Children of the King of Norway
|
|
Irish
|
17
|
Anonymous (c.1675) : The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Grainne, How Cormac Mac Airt got his Branch
|
|
Irish
|
17
|
Anonymous (c.1675) : The Story of Eagle-Boy, The Story of the Crop-Eared Dog
|
|
Irish
|
18
|
Ó Rathaille, Aodhagán (1670–1728) : Gile na Gile
|
|
Irish
|
18
|
Ní Chonaill, Eibhlín Dubh (c.1743–c.1800) : Caoineadh Airt Uí Laoghaire
|
|
Irish
|
18
|
Ó Súilleabháin, Eoghan Rua (1748–1782) : Collected Poems
|
|
Italian
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1300) : Cento Novelle
|
|
Italian
|
13
|
Cavalcanti, Guido (c.1250-1300) : Donna me prega
|
|
Italian
|
13
|
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) : Divine Comedy, New Life, De vulgari eloquentia, De monarchia
|
|
Italian
|
13
|
Polo, Marco (1254-1324) : The Travels
|
|
Italian
|
14
|
Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375) : Decameron, De Casibus Virorum Illustrium, De mulieribus claris
|
|
Italian
|
14
|
Petrarca, Francesco (1304-1374) : Canzoniere, Sonnets, Secretum, De Viris Illustribus, Rerum Memorandarum Libri, De Otio Religiosorum, De Vita Solitaria, De Remediis Utriusque Fortunae
|
|
Italian
|
14
|
Sacchetti, Franco (c.1335-1400) : Novelle
|
|
Italian
|
14
|
Villani, Giovanni (1275-1348) : Nuova Cronica
|
|
Italian
|
15
|
Bello, Francesco (Cieco of Ferrara) (c.1475) : Mambriano
|
|
Italian
|
15
|
Boiardo, Matteo Maria (1440-1494) : Orlando Innamorato
|
|
Italian
|
15
|
Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527) : The Prince
|
|
Italian
|
15
|
Pulci, Luigi (c.1475) : Morgante Maggiore
|
|
Italian
|
15
|
Vinci, Leonardo da (1452-1519) : Notebooks
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Ariosto, Ludovico (1474-1533) : Orlando Furioso
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Bandello, Matteo (1480-1562) : Novelle
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600) : On The Shadows of Ideas, The Art of Memory, Circe's Song, The Ash Wednesday Supper, On Cause, Principle and Unity, On the Infinite Universe and Worlds, The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast, On Heroic Frenzies, On The Composition of Signs, Images and Ideas
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Buonaroti, Michelangelo (1475-1564) : Poetry
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Castiglione, Baldassare (1478-1529) : The Courtier
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Cellini, Benvenuto (1500-1571) : Autobiography
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Grazzini, Antonio Francesco = Il Lasca (1503-1583) : Le Cene, La Gelosia, La Spirit ala, I Parent adi, La Arenga, La Sibilla, La Pinzochera, L'Arzigogolo
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Guicciardini, Francesco (1483-1540) : The History of Italy, Maxims and Reflections, Dialogue on the Government of Florence
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Tasso, Torquato (1544-1595) : Jerusalem Liberated
|
|
Italian
|
16
|
Vasari, Giorgio (1511-1574) : Lives of the Most Eminent Painters and Sculptors
|
|
Italian
|
17
|
Tassoni, Alessandro (1565-1635) : Secchia Rapita, Le Filippiche
|
|
Italian
|
18
|
Alfieri, Vittorio (1749 - 1803) : Filippo, Polinice, Antigone, Virginia, Saul, Rosmunda, Agide, Bruto, Mirra, Maria Stuarda, Memoirs of his Life
|
|
Italian
|
18
|
Goldoni, Carlo (1707-1793) : Memoirs, Rosmonda, The Persian Wife, Zoraster, The Man of the World, The Servant of Two Masters, The Father of the Family,
|
|
Italian
|
18
|
Gozzi, Gasparo (1713-1786) : Osservatore Veneto periodico, Lettere famigliari, Sermoni, Il Mondo morale
|
|
Italian
|
18
|
Muratori, Ludovico Antonio (1672-1750) : Annali d'Italia
|
|
Italian
|
18
|
Parini, Giuseppe (1729-1799) : Il Giorno
|
|
Italian
|
18
|
Vico, Giambattista (1668-1744) : The New Science
|
|
Italian
|
19
|
Foscolo, Ugo (1778 - 1827) : The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis, Dei sepolcri, On the origin and duty of literature
|
|
Italian
|
19
|
Leopardi, Giacomo (1798-1837) : Various thoughts on philosophy and literature, Collected Poems
|
|
Italian
|
19
|
Manzoni, Alessandro (1785-1873) : The Betrothed, Il Cinque Maggio
|
|
Italian
|
19
|
Monti, Vincenzo (1754-1828) : Pellegrino apostolico, Bassvilliana, Feroniade, Pronreteo, Musagonia, Fanatismo, Superstizione
|
|
Italian
|
19
|
Niccolini, Giovanni Battista (1782-1861) : Arnaldo da Brescia, Nabucco, Antonio Foscarini, Giovanni da Procida, Lodovico il Moro
|
|
Latin
|
-3
|
Plautus, Titus Maccius (254-184 BC) : Amphitryon, Asinaria, Aulularia, Bacchides, Captivi, Casina, Cistellaria, Curculio, Epidicus, Menaechmi, Mercator, Miles Gloriosus, Mostellaria, Persa, Poenulus, Pseudolus, Rudens, Stichus, Trinummus, Truculentus
|
|
Latin
|
-2
|
Cato the Elder, Marcus Porcius (234-149 BC) : De Agri Cultura
|
|
Latin
|
-2
|
Terence = Publius Terentius Afer (195-159 BC) : Adelphoe, Andria, Eunuchus, Heauton Timorumenos, Hecyra, Phormio
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Anonymous (c.85 BC) : Rhetorica ad Herennium
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Caesar, Gaius Iulius (100-44 BC) : Commentarii de bello Gallico, Commentarii de bello civili
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Catullus, Gaius Valerius (84-54 BC) : Carmina
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Cornelius Nepos (c.100-25 BC) : De viris illustribus libri XVIII
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC) : Collected Speeches, Collected Letters, De Inventione, De Oratore, De Re Publica, Paradoxa Stoicorum, De Fato, Topica, De Legibus, Consolatio, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, Tusculanae Quaestiones, De Natura Deorum, De Divinatione, Cato Maior de Senectute, Laelius de Amicitia, De Officiis
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Horace = Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65-8 BC) : Odes, Epodes, Satires, Letters
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Lucretius =Titus Lucretius Carus (c.95-55 BC) : On the Nature of Things
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Propertius, Sextus Aurelius (c.50-15 BC) : Elegiarum
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Sallust = Gaius Sallustius Crispus (86-34 BC) : Bellum Iugurthinum, De coniuratione Catilinae or Bellum Catilinae
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Albius Tibullus, Albius (c.54-18 BC) : Elegiarum
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Varro, Marcus Terentius (116-27 BC) : De lingua latina libri XXV
|
|
Latin
|
-1
|
Virgil = Publius Vergilius Maro (70-19 BC) : Aeneid, Georgics, Ecologues
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (fl.c.40) : De medicina
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Curtius Rufus, Quintus (fl.c.50) : Historia Alexandri Magni regis Macedonum
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Livy = Titus Livius (59 BC-AD 17) : History of Rome
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Lucan = Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (39-65) : Pharsalia
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Marcus Manlius (fl.c.50) : Astronomica
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Martial = M. Valerius Martialis (c.38-103) : Epigrams
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Ovid = Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-AD 17) : Metamorphoses, Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, Fasti, Tristia, Epistulae ex Ponto
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Phaedrus (10 BC-c.60 AD) : Fabulae
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Persius = Aules Persius Flaccus (34-62) : Satires
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Petronius (11-66) : Satyricon
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Pliny the Elder = C. Plinius Secundus maior (23-79) : Natural History
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Quintilian = Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (35-96) : Institutionis oratoriae libri duodecim
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Seneca the Elder = Lucius or Marcus Annaeus Seneca (54 BC-AD 39) : Controversiae
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Seneca the Younger = Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 BC-AD 65) : Ad Marciam, De consolatione, De Ira, Ad Helviam matrem, De consolatione, De Consolatione ad Polybium, De Brevitate Vitae, De Otio, De Tranquillitate Animi, De Providentia, De Constantia Sapientis, De Vita Beata, De Clementia, De Beneficiis, Naturales quaestiones, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium, Hercules Furens, Troades, Phoenissae, Phaedra, Thyestes, Hercules Oetaeus, Octavia, Agamemnon, Oedipus, Medea
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius (25-101) : Punica
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Statius, Publius Papinius (c.45-c.95) : Thebais, Silvae, Achilleis, De bello Germanico
|
|
Latin
|
1
|
Valerius Maximus (fl.c.30) : Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri novem
|
|
Latin
|
2
|
Anonymous Pseudo-Caecilius Balbus (c.150) : De nugis philosophorum
|
|
Latin
|
2
|
Apuleius, Lucius (124-170) : Golden Ass or Metamorphoseon libri XI, Apologia sive pro se de magia, De deo Socratis, De Platone et eius dogmate, De mundo
|
|
Latin
|
2
|
Aulus Gellius (c.130-c.170) : Noctes Atticae
|
|
Latin
|
2
|
Gaius the Jurist (c.130-c.180) : Institutiones
|
|
Latin
|
2
|
Juvenal =Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis (c.55-c.127) : Satires
|
|
Latin
|
2
|
Pliny the Younger (61-112) : Epistulae
|
|
Latin
|
2
|
Sextus Empiricus (c.160-210) : Enchiridion, Adversus Mathematicos
|
|
Latin
|
2
|
Suetonius (c.70-c.150) : De vita Caesarum libri VIII, De viris illustribus, Liber de vitiis corporalibus, De naturis animantium, De naturis rerum
|
|
Latin
|
2
|
Tacitus = Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (c.55-117) : The Annals, The Histories
|
|
Latin
|
3
|
Anonymous (c. 250) : Catonis Disticha
|
|
Latin
|
3
|
Anonymous (c. 250) : Historia Apollonii regis Tyri
|
|
Latin
|
3
|
Tertullian = Tertullianus (160-220) : Apologeticum
|
|
Latin
|
4
|
Aelius Donatus (fl.c.350) : Ars major, Ars minor
|
|
Latin
|
4
|
Anonymous (c. 400) : Historia Augusta
|
|
Latin
|
4
|
Ambrose = Saint Aurelius Ambrosius (337-397) : De bono mortis, De fuga saeculi, De paenitentia, De paradiso, De sacramentis, De fide ad Gratianum Augustum
|
|
Latin
|
4
|
Ammianus Marcellinus (333-392) : Rerum gestarum libri XXXI
|
|
Latin
|
4
|
Augustine of Hippo = Augustinus (354-430) : Confessions, City of God, On Christian Doctrine, On the Trinity
|
|
Latin
|
4
|
Aurelius Victor (320-389) : Historia Romana
|
|
Latin
|
4
|
Claudius Claudianus (370-404) : De bello Pollentino sive Gothico, In Gildonem
|
|
Latin
|
4
|
Jerome = Saint Hieronymus(347-420) : Vulgate, Epistulae, De viris illustribus
|
|
Latin
|
4
|
Lactantius (c.260-c.326) : Divinarum institutionum libri VII
|
|
Latin
|
4
|
Prudentius (348-c.405) : Psychomachia
|
|
Latin
|
5
|
Anonymous (Dares Phrygius) (c. 500) : De excidio Troiae historia
|
|
Latin
|
5
|
Macrobius (fl.c.410) : Saturnalia
|
|
Latin
|
5
|
Martianus Capella (fl.c.420) : De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii
|
|
Latin
|
5
|
Patrick, Saint (385-461) : Sancti Patricii Episcopi Confessio
|
|
Latin
|
5
|
Rutilius Claudius Namatianus (fl.415) : De reditu suo sive iter Gallicum
|
|
Latin
|
5
|
Salvianus (c.400-c.470) : De gubernatione Dei
|
|
Latin
|
6
|
Benedictus de Nursia (c.480-c.547) : Regula
|
|
Latin
|
6
|
Boethius (470-524) : The Consolation of Philosophy
|
|
Latin
|
6
|
Cassiodorus (c.485-c.585) : De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Litterarum,
|
|
Latin
|
6
|
Fabius Planciades Fulgentius (fl.c.490-510) : Mitologiarum libri III, Expositio Virgilianae continentiae secundum philosophos moralis, Expositio sermonum antiquorum, De aetatibus mundi et hominis libri XXIII
|
|
Latin
|
6
|
Gregory the Great = Gregorius Magnus (540-604) : The Rule for Pastors, Sermons, Dialogues
|
|
Latin
|
6
|
Gregory of Tours = Gregorius Turonensis (c.538-c.594) : History of the Franks
|
|
Latin
|
6
|
Justinian = Iustinianus (482-565) : Codex Iustinianus
|
|
Latin
|
6
|
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (fl.c.630) : Divine Names, Mystical Theology, Celestial Hierarchy, Ecclesiastical Hierarchy
|
|
Latin
|
6
|
Priscianus Caesariensis (fl.520) : Institutiones grammaticae
|
|
Latin
|
7
|
Isidore of Seville = Isidorus Hispalensis (c.560-636) : Etymologiarum libri XX, Sententiarum libri III
|
|
Latin
|
8
|
Alcuin of York = Alcuinus (735-804) : Ars grammatica, De dialectica, De virtutibus et vitiis, De animae ratione
|
|
Latin
|
8
|
Anonymous (c.775) : Constitutum Constantini
|
|
Latin
|
8
|
Bede = Beda Venerabilis (672-753) : Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
|
|
Latin
|
8
|
Paulus Diaconus (c.720-799) : Historia Langobardorum
|
|
Latin
|
9
|
Anonymous (c.900) : Navigatio Sancti Brendani
|
|
Latin
|
9
|
Einhardus (770-840) : Vita Karoli Magni
|
|
Latin
|
9
|
Hrabanus Maurus (780-856) : De rerum naturis libri XXII
|
|
Latin
|
9
|
Iohannes Scotus Eriugena (c.810-c.877) : De divisione naturae (Periphyseon) libri V
|
|
Latin
|
9
|
Nithardus (800-c.845) : Historiarum libri IV
|
|
Latin
|
10
|
Gerbert d'Aurillac = Pope Sylvester II (946-1003) : Libellus de rationali et ratione uti, Epistolae
|
|
Latin
|
10
|
Ekkehardus (c.910-c.973) : Waltharius
|
|
Latin
|
10
|
Hroswitha of Gandersheim = Hrotsvitha Gandeshemensis (c.935-c.1002) : Book of Legends, Book of Drama
|
|
Latin
|
10
|
Widukindus Corbeius (c.925-c.973) : Rerum gestarum Saxonicarum libri tres
|
|
Latin
|
11
|
Anonymous (c.1030) : Ruodlieb
|
|
Latin
|
11
|
Anonymous (c.1045) : Ecbasis cuiusdam captivi
|
|
Latin
|
11
|
Anselm = Anselmus Cantuariensis (1033-1109) : Proslogium, Monologion, Dialogus de veritate, Cur deus homo
|
|
Latin
|
11
|
Bruno Merseburgensis (1040-c.1082) : De bello Saxonico
|
|
Latin
|
11
|
Dudo de St. Quentin (960-1026) : Gesta Normannorum seu de moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Alain de Lille = Alanus ab Insulis (c.1128-1202) : De planctu naturae, Anticlaudianus
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Andreas Capellanus (fl.c.1185) : De amore libri tres
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1190) : De expugnatione terrae sanctae per Saladinum libellus
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Anonymous (c.1200) : De Ortu Waluuanii Nepotis Arturi, Historia Meriadoci
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) : De amore Dei, Book of Precepts and Dispensations, De Gratia et Libero Arbitrio
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Bernardus Silvestris (fl.c.1150) : Cosmographia
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Cosmas of Prague (c.1045–1125) : Chronica Boëmorum
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Geoffrey of Monmouth (c.1100-1155) : Historia Regum Britanniae, Vita Merlini, Prophetiae Merlini
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Gerald of Wales (c.1146–c.1223) : Itinerarium Cambriae, Descriptio Cambriae, De instructione principis, De rebus a se gestis
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Gualterus de Castiglione = Walter of Châtillon (c.1135-c.1185) : Alexandreis, sive Gesta Alexandri Magni
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Guibert of Nogent (1053-1124) : Autobiography
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Hermannus Iudaeus = Juda Ben David Halewi (1108-1181) : Opusculum de conversione sua
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Hildegardis Bingensis (1098-1179) : Ordo virtutum, Symphonia harmoniae caelestium revelationum, Liber simplicis medicinae sive Physica
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Honorius Augustodunensis (d.1151) : Imago mundi
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Hugo de Sancto Victore (1078/96-1141) : Didascalicon, De arrha animae, On the Sacraments of the Christian Faith
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Iohannes de Alta Villa = Jean de Hauteville (c.1150-c.1200) : Architrenius
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
John of Salisbury = Ioannes Saresberiensis (c.1115-1180) : Policraticus, Metalogicon
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Nigellus Wireker = Nigel de Longchamps (c.1130-c.1207) : Speculum stultorum
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Otto von Freising = Otto Frisingensis (c.1114-1158) : Chronica sive Historia de duabus civitatibus, Gesta Friderici imperatoris
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Petrus Abaelardus = Peter Abelard (1079-1142) : Theologia, Sic et Non, Ethica, Letters to Heloise, Autobiography
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Petrus Alfonsi = Moises Sephardi (1062-1140) : Disciplina clericalis
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Petrus Lombardus (1095-1160) : Sententiarum libri IV
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Richard of Saint Victor (d.1173) : De Trinitate
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Saxo Grammaticus (c.1150-c.1220) : Gesta Danorum
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
Walter of Châtillon = Gualterus de Castellione (fl.1180) : Alexandreis sive Gesta Alexandri Magni
|
|
Latin
|
12
|
William of Conches = Guillelmus de Conchis (c.1080-1154) : De philosophia mundi
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Aegidius Romanus = Giles of Rome (c.1243-1316) : De Ecclesiastica Potestate, De Regimine Principum
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Albertanus of Brescia (c.1195-c.1251) : De amore et dilectione Dei et proximi et aliarum rerum et de forma vitae, Ars loquendi et tacendi, Liber consolationis et consilii
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Albertus Magnus (1195-1280) : De memoria et reminiscentia, De intellectu et intelligibili, Ethica, Metaphysica, De unitate intellectus
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Alexander Neckham (1157-1217) : De naturis rerum
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Anonymous (1215) : Magna Carta
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1230) : Carmina Burana
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Anonymous (c.1270) : Liber Kalilae et Dimnae
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Bartholomeus Anglicus (1203-1270) : De proprietatibus rerum
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Boethius de Dacia (c.1220-c.1286) : De aeternitate mundi, De summo bono, De somniis
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Bonaventure, Saint (1221-1274) : Itinerarium Mentis ad Deum, Breviloquium, De Reductione Artium ad Theologiam, Soliloquium, De septem itineribus aeternitatis
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Caesarius Heisterbacensis = Caesar of Heisterbach (c.1180-c.1240) : Dialogus miraculorum
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Duns Scotus, John (1265-1308) : Tractatus de Primo Principio, Tractatus de Primo Principio
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Francis of Assisi, Saint (1182-1226) : Canticum fratris Solis
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Gertrudis de Helfta = Saint Gertrude the Great (1256-1302) : Legatus divinae pietatis, Exercitia spiritualia, Liber specialis gratiae
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Guillelmus Peraldus = William Perault, (c.1190-1271) : Summa de vitiis, De eruditione principum
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Helinand of Froidmont (1160-c.1230) : Chronicon
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Henry of Bracton (1210-1268) : De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Iohannes de Capua (fl.c.1270) : Directorium vitae humanae alias parabolae antiquorum sapientum
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Jacobus de Cessolis (c.1250-1322) : Liber de moribus hominum et officiis nobilium super ludo scacchorum
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Jacobus de Voragine (c.1227-1298) : Legenda Aura
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
John Peckham (1230-1292) : Summa de esse et essentia, Quaestiones disputatae, Tractatus de anima, De aeternitate mundi, Defensio fratrum mendicantium
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Ricardus Sophista = Richard Rufus of Cornwall (d.1260) : Abstractiones
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Robert Grosseteste (1175-1253) : Hexaëmeron, De sphera, De luce, De accessu et recessu maris, De lineis, angulis et figuris, De iride
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Roger Bacon (1220-1292) : Opus maius, Opus minus, De multiplicatione specierum
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Sigerus de Brabantia (c.1235-c.1284) : De anima intellectiva, Quaestiones logicales, Quaestiones naturales, De aeternitate mundi, Impossibilia
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Theodoricus de Vriberch = Dietrich of Freiberg (c.1250-c.1310) : De visione beatifica, De intellectu et intelligibili, De ente et essentia, De natura contrariorum, De natura et proprietate continuorum
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Thomas Aquinas (c.1225-1274) : Summa Theologica, Summa Contra Gentiles
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Vincet de Beauvais (1190-1264) : Speculum majus, De eruditione filiorum nobilium
|
|
Latin
|
13
|
Witelo (1230-c.1300) : Perspectiva
|
|
Latin
|
14
|
Anonymous (c.1300) : Gesta Romanorum
|
|
Latin
|
14
|
Birgitta of Sweden, Saint (1303-1373) : Book of Revelations
|
|
Latin
|
14
|
Coluccio Salutati (1331-1406) : De laboribus Herculis libri IV, Epistolario
|
|
Latin
|
14
|
Jean Buridan (1300–58) : Sophismata, Summulae de Dialectica
|
|
Latin
|
14
|
Johannes de Hildesheim (c.1320-1375) : The Mirror of the Source of Life
|
|
Latin
|
14
|
Meister Eckhart (1260-1328) : Prologus in opus propositionum, Prologus in opus expositionum
|
|
Latin
|
14
|
Nicolaus de Autrecourt (c.1299-c.1369) : Tractatus Exigit ordo, Epistolae, Utrum visio alicuius rei naturalis possit naturali intendi
|
|
Latin
|
14
|
Nicolas Oresme (1323-1382) : Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum, Tractatus proportionum, Algorismus proportionum, De proportionibus proportionum
|
|
Latin
|
14
|
Walter Burley (1275-1343) : De Puritate Artis Logicae Tractatus Longior
|
|
Latin
|
14
|
William of Ockham (1285-1349) : Summa logicae, Quaestiones in octo libros physicorum, Summulae in octo libros physicorum, Quodlibeta septem, Expositio aurea super artem veterem Aristotelis, Major summa logices, Quaestiones in quattuor libros sententiarum
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Conradus Celtis (1459-1508) : Germania generalis, Quattuor libri amorum
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Cristoforo Landino (1424-1498) : Disputationes Camaldulenses
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Enea Silvio Piccolomini = Pope Pius II (1405-1464) : Commentaries
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Henricus Kramer (c.1430-c.1505) : Malleus Maleficarum
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Jan Hus (1370-1415) : Tractatus de ecclesia
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Ján z Turca or Ján/Johannes de Turocz (c.1435-1489) : Chronica Hungarorum.
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Jean Charlier de Gerson (1363-1429) : Epistolae de reform. theol., Lectiones duae contra vanam curiositatem in negotio fidei, De mystica theologia, speculativa et practica
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Iohannes de Saxonia (fl.c.1400) : Historia de septem sapientibus
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Leonardo Bruni Aretino (1369-1444) : De interpretatione recta, De studiis et litteris, Rerum suo tempore gestorum commentarius
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) : Theologia Platonica de immortalitate animae, De amore, De vita libri tres
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464) : Of Learned Ignorance, On the Vision of God, On Conjectures, On the Peace of Faith, Sifting the Koran
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (1463-1494) : De hominis dignitate, Conclusiones philosophicae, cabalasticae et theologicae, Disputationes adversus astrologiam divinicatrium
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459) : De avaritia, Liber facetiarum, De nobilitate, De infelicitate principum, Contra hypocritas, De miseria humanae conditionis
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Rodolphus Agricola (1443-1485) : De inventione dialectica
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Thomas à Kempis (c.1400) : Imitation of Christ
|
|
Latin
|
15
|
Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523) : Epistolae obscurorum virorum
|
|
Latin
|
16
|
Agricola, Georgius (1494-1555) : De re metallica
|
|
Latin
|
16
|
Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (1486-1535) : Three Books Of Occult Philosophy, Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex, Of the Vanitie and Vncertaintie of Artes and Sciences
|
|
Latin
| | |
